Quantitative and Qualitative methods - 878 Words

Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Research methodology 2 Data types 2.1 3 Measuring Data 2.2 3 Graphical Data 2.3 3 Empirical research methods 2.4 3 Quantitative Methods 3.0 3 Qualitative Methods 3.1 3 Bibliography 4 1.0 Introduction I have been asked to produce a report which critically evaluates a wide variation of methodologies and how they can be applied to a given scenario. In this report I am going to be analyzing the usefulness of the methods that I can apply to different situations I will also be going on further to explain my knowledge of these methodologies by selecting methods and creating research documentation for a that scenario. In this scenario I am part of an IT Support Team of a large Further Higher Educational†¦show more content†¦(USC, 2009) Data types 2.1 If there is data that is in numerical form this is called quantitative data if not then it is if referred to as qualitative data if there is no numerical value or data. For example qualitative data can be anything other than words for example it could be a recorded video or photographs these types can be identified as qualitative data Measuring Data 2.2 Measuring and analysing data involves gathering quantitative data about various products and the processes and analysing that data to influence your actions and plans this can allow you to gain a understanding of the process, products, resources and environments and evaluate so that you know the status with respect to your current plans and being able to predict the relationships among the processes and the produces you observe using these attributes to predict other values and products and processes you can improve these milestones by knowing the root causes of these problems and identifying where you can make improvements. Graphical Data 2.3 Many researches can and do use histograms and bar charts and graphs to show the way that the quantitative data is distributed in doing so this makes it easy to understand the results easy, to compare the data and evaluate quickly and also if someone else is using this data bar charts and graphs are fairly simplistic to understand thus helping the research further itself.Show MoreRelatedQualitative Quantitative Research Methods1047 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods PSY 326 Dr. Willow Aureala March 29, 2011 Qualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods There are two types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analyses characterized by processes and meanings that are not measured in terms of mathematical measurements. 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This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods1285 Wor ds   |  6 Pages Qualitative and Quantitative Research Ravi Teja Mora Dr. Jimi Peters Research Methods Stratford University â€Æ' Qualitative and Quantitative Research Introduction There has been a widespread of debate in recent years regarding the quantitative and qualitative research methods, wether one or the other has to be emerged as superior. Although there have been so many theories and conclusions, this paper intends to discuss on the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitative researchRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals are confused about or not aware of the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. 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(Sibson, 1999), the prominent characteristic of probabilistic model is as the analysis of data was collected, which is considered about â€Å"mean,Read MoreQuantitative, Qualitative, And Mixed Methods1467 Words   |  6 Pagesforms the premise of the considerable number of phases of research. The three methods for examination include distinctive strategies. Thus, the speculative plans are distinctive for the three techniques. This paper looks to assess the particular hypothetical designs for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. The qualitative methods do not usually involve statistical analysis. Then again, the quantit ative methods essentially include the statistical analysis. Every one of these perspectivesRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods871 Words   |  4 Pagessociology, researchers can use a different range of research methods to acquire new data. The various forms of research methods include surveys, ethnomethodology, experiments and documentary research. A common distinction is often made in sociology between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods intend to measure social phenomena by using mathematical methods and statistical analysis. On the other hand, qualitative methods mean to collect rich, detailed data, allowing for an in-depthRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods1694 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I will outline quantitative and qualitative research methods and provide illustrations in the context of some social issues, which will hopefully offer insight into how each method is properly applied. Social issues around the world are very broad and diverse. They are usually made up of issues or concerns which directly or indirectly affect a person or a certain group of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies or both and are related to moral values, thereforeRead MoreThe Theoretical Methods Of Quantitative And Qualitative Methods Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagessociologist needs to apply some form of research and method, however the most successful direction for doing so has been long disputed. Although sociological method has been subject to many different styles and approaches, being constantly updated with new ideas and concepts, this essay will argue that in order to best reflect upon and develop an understanding of today’s world, the researcher needs to use and apply both qualitative and quantitative methods. To make this argument clear, this essay will firstRead Morequalitative and quantitative research methods1823 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Me thods: Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Research In psychology, answers to our questions are not as succinct as in other types of sciences, and the findings essentially depend upon the underlying epistemology used. This essay seeks to define and examine the fields of qualitative and quantitative research. It will address the different epistemologies and methodologies of each paradigm, and aim to give you a brief overview of the two main research methods underlying

John Locke The Most Influential Philosophical And...

The Key to Locke John Locke â€Å"proved to be the most influential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth century† (Kagen 213). He lived in a period of great political change; Locke’s upbringing came to influence his philosophies, and these ideas had much significance in regards to the Enlightenment. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset (John Locke 9: 478). Early on came the outbreak of the English Civil War. Anglican and possessing Puritan sympathies, Locke’s father fought with the parliamentary forces against the royalist cavaliers. Locke became a factor in the English Restoration after the conflict: a defender of the rights of the people. He received a formal education from Westminster School and then Oxford. Generally uninterested in â€Å"†¦ the traditional Scholastic curriculum of rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, geometry, and Greek,† Locke began to delve into experimental science and medicine (Locke 23: 2 21). He was given membership into the newly formed Royal Society in London, keeping him in touch with scientific advances, and also became familiar with the important natural philosophers of the time. Through mutual interest and values, Locke came into association with Lord Ashley, the earl of Shaftesbury, and was drawn into political affairs. Sufferings due to asthma caused Locke to move from polluted London back to Oxford, and six months later to France for four years; his travels not only alleviated his symptoms but put him intoShow MoreRelatedAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 PagesEnlightenment, encouraged the spread of philosophical thinking, science, communications, and politics. This movement gradually branched out from Northern Europe and reached places such as the United States of America and France, encouraging the American and French Revolutions. 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Thomas Paine constructed The Age of Reason challenging traditional religion and validity of the Bible, while John Locke established The Second Treatises of Government which explained theRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreEssay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1076 Words   |  5 Pages John Locke and Thomas Hobbes John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, two English Enlightenment philosophers, were both very influential politically and philosophically despite having almost opposite beliefs. While each individually influenced later documents and events such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution, they had an equally big impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas HobbesRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke s The Of The Golden Era Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenal thinker and leader, and so he is regarded as the Emperor of the â€Å"Golden Era†. Leonardo da Vinci opened the door to the Renaissance and William Shakespeare treated us to the best writings and plays in the English language. 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Body Paragraph One TS: John Locke, often referred to as one of the most influential philosophical and political thinkers of the seventeenth century due to his works about the naturalRead MoreThe Enlightenment As A Period Of Time During The Eighteenth Century860 Words   |  4 Pages19, 2015 The Enlightenment is known as a period of time during the eighteenth century in which the most influential thinkers throughout Europe, Britain, and France expressed criticism and mistrust of traditional customs, morals, and institutions. These individuals were known as the Enlightenment Thinkers and consisted primarily of elite writers and intellectuals. 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Consider the Significance of the Extract (Lines 816-844) and Discuss its Relevance to the Tale as a Whole Free Essays

The significance of this extract is extremely dimensional as the narrator once again provides the reader with additional examples of January’s mindset and lifestyle and also continues to foreshadow the remainder of the tale. The immense sexual imagery present during this extract reinforces January’s marriage intentions, foreshadows the future and also includes a flair of comedy. The garden January built has been constructed especially to avoid any prying eyes and to achieve the utmost privacy as the garden is ‘walled al with stone. We will write a custom essay sample on Consider the Significance of the Extract (Lines 816-844) and Discuss its Relevance to the Tale as a Whole or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ The impounding enclosure of the walls signifies and reinforces his sexual prowess and desire to ‘menace (L.540)’ May which can also be construed to consider January’s tendency for sexual violence. The introduction of Priapus, God of Gardens yet also personification of the erect phallus is ironic and is a comedic devise used to signify the importance of the garden as neither could ‘telle the beautee of the gardyn and the welle.’ The significance of the key and gate represent January and May respectively as the key to the garden, carried only by January signifies his desire to keep May to himself, allowing no one else to have access to her as she represents the ‘smale wiket’ which January was able to unlock when he wished. Keys and keyholes are bold significant metaphors for sex, which proves explicit later on in the tale. The sexual imagery and implications applied during this extract pose a major significance to some of the tale’s implied themes of January’s age, his intentions for marriage and of the forthcoming deception he will encounter. The mythical gods which are introduced in this extract enables the reader to comprehend the sheer significance of the garden and reinforce the beauty. In particular, Proserpina and Pluto are especially significant later in the tale and their initial connection with the Garden at this position in the tale allows the reader to understand their domestic debate later featured which constitutes to the outcome of the entire tale. Arguably, one of the most predominant significance of this extract is the comparisons of January’s private garden with the Garden of Eden. References have been made beforehand, likening the relationship and characters of January and May to Adam and Eve. The main difference between the two couples is Adam and Eve had sex after Eden whereas for January, his Garden has been built purely to satisfy his sexual desires. This extract can also be compared to the wedding feast, where January appears the more dominant of the couple as he eagerly awaits his guests to leave in order to sleep with May. However, this extract proves significant in the power exchange, as here, the initiative rests with May as the reader learns that January’s joy will be short lived ‘worldly joy may nat alwey dure.’ The extract possess many ‘Courtly Love’ references the obvious one being the reference to the ‘Romance of the Rose’ a French courtly love poem where the woman is represented as a rosebud in a beautiful garden. Also through the description of the garden the and the ‘welle, that stood under a laurer alwey grene’ ‘Courtly Love’ is explored and remains a highly comical literature devise throughout the tale. January and May’s incompatibility is significantly challenged during this extract which bears an enormous relevance to the tale. The beautiful garden represents spring, which is astronomically associated with the month of May and also the character; therefore ‘he [January] wolde paye his wyf hir dette in somer seson’ significantly reinforces their incompatibility and makes way for the adultery. The extract, in relevance to the tale as a whole, provides an insight as to what will happen later on in the tale. Various sexual images and references including ‘thinges whiche were nat doon abedde he in the gardyn parfourned hem’ allows the reader to identify and relate this extract to the adulterous actions which later happen. The frequent references to mythical people and Gods are also present within this extract, however, these actually bear a direct significance to the tales scheme. How to cite Consider the Significance of the Extract (Lines 816-844) and Discuss its Relevance to the Tale as a Whole, Papers

Private School Teachers Strike in Oman

Question: Discuss about the Private School Teachers Strike in Oman. Answer: Introduction: Oman face various industrial disputes yearly as the result of employee strikes across the sectors. In Oman, teachers, Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) employees, health workers and even other company worker have always down their tools striking for poor working conditions, salaries and wage increment, leave, promotion and even hours of work reduction (Sunil and Vaidya 2016). This has created increased pressure on the Oman industrial disputes handling. Fruitful dispute resolution required essential venture of cash, energy alongside time in the country due to the rampancy of industrial disputes (Al-Mahrooqi, Abrar-Ul-Hassan and Asante 2012). Navigating of these clashes in Oman has been significantly condensed especially where a business implements a detailed or widespread internal programme for effective management of any emerging disputes. The Oman disputes generally need a significant investment of time for preparing documentation. This is because the Court give preferences to well-organized documentary evidence. In Oman, pursuing a court action without sufficient preparation might not only assist the parties to a dispute to reach a satisfactory resolution. On the basis on several years of advising as well as representing firms from numerous industry sectors, Curtis has set out key suggestions for successful dispute management (Naithani and Jha 2009). Trade Union A trade union is an organization that has members who are normally employees or workers and it serves to oversee the members interest at work by undertaking activities such as negotiating agreements with the respective employers on working condition, pay and welfare. The MD 570(2012) has propagated the creation, the operation as well as the registering trade consortia, labor unions as well as Oman General Federation trade unions. Based on this framework, a labor union in Oman is formed by private sector associations that has an employee strength of twenty-five and above. The trade union acquires a status of an independent legal identity upon registration. Apart from having a minimum of twenty-five employees, a labor union becomes a legible for registering after drafting a decree alongside all the necessary documents as outlined in Article 5 of the 2012 MD. The OLL propagated by Royal Decree No. 35 of 2013 (OLL) as revised allows employees to form amongst themselves labor unions or consortia for the objectives of defending their rights, shielding their welfares (interest), representing them in all issues linked to their wellbeing and improving their financial as well as social status (Curtis, M.-P. and . M. L. 2013). Article eight of the 2012 MD holds that a duly registered labor union has the right to exercise certain rights including representing its memberships and defending their interest, representing any of its memberships upon their demand, gathering the association dues as well as subscription fixed for the affiliation, and exercising any action linked to the promotion as well as safeguard of the members interest and rights. Strike is the refusal to work which is organized by a body of employees or trade union as a form of remonstration as an attempt to gain concessions or a concession from employers. The strike has been rampant in Oman across the sectors including education, businesses, and health sector just to mention a few (Sunil 2016). The Oman have subsequently established laws relating to the labor disputes as well as regulation of peaceful strikes, however, the strike has remained a topical issue in Oman that requires a comprehensive revisit of strikes against the relevant laws. The labor conflicts settlement of, collective bargaining and nonviolent strikes are overseen by the OLL. It was propagated by Royal Decree 35 of 2003. It has been modified (the Labor Laws). They are also governed by the MD (Ministerial Decision) 294/2006, the MD (Ministerial Decision) supplied pursuant to the OLL. The Oman Labor Laws read together with MD provides a procedure for holding strike in Oman. It provides the workers enjoy the right to participate in a nonviolent strike to demand the improvement of conditions of work. Nevertheless, boycotts undertaken by workers employed in organizations that provide necessities or essential services are considered illegal. Together with the Labor Laws, the MD provides the procedure for workers to hold a strike. The workers union or representatives have to issue a written notice of their employees intention to begin strike alongside the planed date of go-slow to the establishment at least three weeks before the commencement of the strike. The notification has to set forth the rationale for holding the strike in addition to the demands for the strikes by the employees. The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) together with relevant local authorities of the government must be furnished with the copy of the notice. Any union or representatives of employees that fail to follow the above forgoing procedure shall render the strike illegal shifting the period of the strike to be regarded as leave without pay. Moreover, a strike shall be called off instantaneously after commencement of the settlement process by the parties in accordance with Article twenty-three of the Ministerial Decision. Legal Issues and Need for Trade Union The legal issues will first to determine whether right procedure was followed by the Oman Private School prior to striking as outlined in Labor Laws as propagated by Royal Decree 35/2003 (the Labor Laws) and MD 294/2006. Once it is determined that the strike was legal, the focus will be determine whether the employer complied with relevant chapters and articles in Labor Laws especially sections on leave, hours of work, salaries, health insurance, and promotion. To this end, let us now look at each issue raised against the provisions of the Labor Laws. From the case, it is clear that the strike was allowed to go and this will only mean that it was a legal strike. The demands raised in the scenario can best be addressed by chapter four of the Oman Labor Laws. Salaries, leaves and working hours are provided for in chapter of the Oman Labor Laws (OLL). Article 50 provides that the Council of Ministers will determine the minimum limit of salaries in accordance with the needs of economic circumstances. Relating this to the demand of the striking private school teachers, it is clear that teachers salaries are currently quite well paid and above the minimum wage and aligns to the economic situations as there is perceived low levels of inflation in Oman. Moreover, the government determines the prices of essential commodities while rents several cases have decreased as a result of oversupply. It is also clear that the wages and salaries were revised two years ago and hence justifying new salaries would be inappropriate for the employers. Based on the scenario, this demand may not see the light. Article 65 provides that employees are entitled to their gross salaries during the holidays of festivals together with occasions that determined by a decision from the Minister. It is, therefore, appropriate for the teachers salaries to be paid over twelve months of the year and not just the ten months that they work since this method has worked well in other countries. Article 67 (paragraph 1-6) provides that employees are entitled to special leave with gross salary. Chapter four part III provides the hours of work in Oman. Article 68 provide that employs might not be essential to work for over nine hours a day and for a maximum of 48 hours a week excluding the periods outlined for taking rest and food. Relating this section to demand for shortened teaching day. The fact is that teachers already have quite short teaching day since they only have approximately 5 contact hours per day which is within the hours provided under article 68. Moreover, teachers do not undertake Extra Curric ular Activities after school since children head home by 1 p.m. Provision of good buses is matter than will ensure safety as provided for under chapter six of OLL (industrial safety). Article 87, 88, 89 and 90 of the OLL details how both employer and employees need to ensure industrial safety. It is, therefore, illegal for the overcrowding buses and being potentially dangerous. The demand is legal and there is a need for good buses for students to make sure each student has a seat in the bus. The promotion of employees is provided for in Article 28 which leaves this at the discretion of the employer to put in a conspicuous place the regulations of work upon approval by the Ministry including the rules governing the promotion depending on the nature of the work alongside the specification of the salary groups. Therefore, issues with the promotion and raising salaries will be internally solved between employer and the employees. Need for Trade Union Chapter nine of the Oman Labor Laws provides for the formation of the representative committee. Article 108, 109 and 110 provide that employees of a given establishment can form among themselves, a representative committee for the purposes of safeguarding their interest as well as shielding their lawfully recognized rights and representing the employees in every issue relating to employees matters. The employees rights are guaranteed pursuant to Article 108 of the OLL to form trade union. The fundamental right of the workers to perform a trade union is to defend the workers interest and guard their rights as well as improve their materialists and social conditions. Trade union is also to represent employees on every issue pertaining the matters of employees. Article 112 of the Oman Labor Law goes further to spells out the penalties for an establishment that hinders the workforces from undertaking their activities and prohibits the establishment of the trade unions or the General Federation of employees. Such an employer shall be penalized by imprisonment for a period not beyond one month as well as a fine of not more than RO 500 or of either consequences. A trade union is, therefore, a viable option to solve the dispute between employees (private school teachers) and employer in this case. As provided under the Oman Labour Laws (Article eight of the 2012 MD) a duly registered labor union has a right to exercise various rights during its representation of its members. A trade union will, therefore, be best placed to lodge complaints before a competent department at the MOM emerging from the organizations non-adherence to the OLLs provision together with the implementation of decisions together with regulations of the establishment. The trade unions will also peruse the OLL together with its implementation decision and regulations thereby guaranteeing the rights as well as interests of the employees at the organization. The trade unions will also acquire all the essential resources from the organization for the performance of its activities alongside the suitable premises for undertaking the establishments meetings as well as storing its documents (Al-Sayegh 2002). Since most of the demands by private school teachers including need for bringing back females teachers to schools near to their homes, promotion of teachers every four years, raising teachers based on performance, raising salaries, curriculum change, providing nurseries for teachers children, and providing gym for students per school are not compelled by the OLL, the labor union can best bargain for these demands ethically and not legally since, the employer stand to win the legal battles. Moreover, the trade union boost the collective bargaining power leading to a collective labor agreement (CLA). Article five of the MD 294 of 2006 provides that once CLA has been concluded between the private school teachers and the employer, the employer has the duty to display the CLA conspicuously at the workplace. Legality of the Private Teachers Strike The f labor disputes settlement, collective haggling as well as peaceable strikes are overseen by the OLL and the Ministerial Decision. According to OLL and MD, the strike was, therefore, legally declared by the private school teachers to demand for their interest and welfare. It is legal since some of the demands are justified and hence they are protected by law to demand the welfare, for example, the need to ensure that good buses are put in place and that each child gets a seat in the bus is logical to ensure safety as outlined in Article 87, 88, 89 and 90 of the OLL. It is, also, clear that the teachers followed the right procedure for holding strike. For example, the employers were given a written notice at least three weeks before the strike with detailed list of fourteen demands, intention to hold strike as well as reasons for holding the strike and planned date for the strike. Also, the relevant government authorities and the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) were notified and given the written notice alongside the demands and reasons. The teachers, therefore, complied with the set procedures before commencing their strike and hence giving its legal nature (Al-Hamadi and Budhwar 2006). Dispute Settlement Procedure under OLL The employer has two options to settle industrial dispute under OLL in case of an illegal strike. An illegal strike will a attract dare consequences based on two options available for the employer (Singer 2006). The proprietor can file an emergency submission to the Competent Court looking for an order that the workers get back to work awaiting the result of the Court decisions on the underlying matter. The employer can also take action under the provision of Article forty of the Clause 8 that provides for the employees dismissal without prior notice in case of committal of a severe break of his obligation to accomplish his duties as provided in his employment agreement. In case of the legal strike, the employer and the employee or their representatives (trade union) will have to sit down and bargain a CLA. Conclusion Strike is common in Oman economy across all sectors including education, PDO and health just to mention a few. The OLL read together with the MD provides the procedures for holding legal strike in Oman. Nevertheless, it is illegal to hold strike for those employees who provide necessities (Al-Hamadi, Budhwar and Shipton 2007). Trade union is also legal in Oman and employers get penalized in case they prohibit employees from forming trade unions and exercising their rights. The employee-employer relationships in Oman is not good as can be witnessed by rampant strikes in Oman across the sectors. Article 24 of OLL outlines that the maximum probationary period for employees three months. It provides that either employer or employee can dismiss the agreement during the probationary time by providing other party at least seven days notice. Some of the probable practices that need to be followed to enhance the employment relation between private school teachers and their employer is to allow the teachers form a trade union which will represents them in all matters pertaining to their affairs. This ensure that negotiations go on simultaneously with teaching without disrupting the learning process. Also, the employers should include the teachers in policies and decision making so as to reduce change resistance. References Al-Hamadi, A.B. and Budhwar, P.S., 2006. Human resource management in Oman. Managing Human Resource in the Middle East, Routledge, Oxford, pp.40-58. Al-Hamadi, A.B., Budhwar, P.S. and Shipton, H., 2007. Management of human resources in Oman. The international journal of human resource management, 18(1), pp.100-113. Al-Mahrooqi, R., Abrar-Ul-Hassan, S. and Asante, C.C., 2012. Analyzing the use of motivational strategies by EFL teachers in Oman. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research, 8(1), p.36. Al-Sayegh, F., 2002. The UAE and Oman: Opportunities and challenges in the twenty-first century. Middle East Policy, 9(3), p.124. Curtis, M.-P. C. . M. L., 2013. Oman Law Blog. CURTIS, Volume 1, pp. 1-4. https://omanlawblog.curtis.com/2013/10/trade-unions.html Naithani, P. and Jha, A.N., 2009. Challenges Faced by Expatriate Workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Naithani, P. and Jha, AN (2010). Challenges faced by expatriate workers in the GCC countries. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(1), pp.98-104. Singer, G.H., 2006. Employing Alternative Dispute Resolution: Working at Finding Better Ways to Resolve Employer-Employee Strife. NDL Rev., 72, p.299. Sunil K. Vaidya, B. C., 2016. Petroleum Development Oman employees seek recognition of new union to serve employees' interests. Gulf News Oman, 1(Strike ), pp. 1-4. HYPERLINK "https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/pdo-employees-demand-dismissal-of-trade-union-seek-recognition-of-new-union-to-serve-employees-interests-1.818978" https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/pdo-employees-demand-dismissal-of-trade-union-seek-recognition-of-new-union-to-serve-employees-interests-1.818978

How does Sulphur Dioxide effect the Germination of Cress Seeds Essay Example

How does Sulphur Dioxide effect the Germination of Cress Seeds Essay Aim: The aim of this coursework is to find out how varied amount of sulphur dioxide effect the germination of cress seeds.Safety: This experiment could be very dangerous because there are some chemicals, which are harmful for human body will be involved in this experiment. Such as sodium metabisulphite, it would damage your lungs and eyes when it mixed with gases. So, I will do the following things to prevent any accidents during the experiment.1, I will be following the instruction when I am doing the experiment, and listened what teacher said as the experiment is processing.2, I will wear eyes goggles to prevent the harmful gases contact with my eyes.3, I will wear plastic gloves on all the times to prevent the chemical liquid contact with my skin.And if there is any chemicals contact with my skin or eyes, clean it with water immediately, and report to the teacher for helping as soon as possible.Fair Test: I will make sure to make my experiment as fair as possible; therefore I woul d get the reliable results. To make this experiment fair, I will do the following things.1, I will same experimental equipments as the other group does.2, I will measure (weight) the chemicals and water carefully to prevent any inaccurate results.3, I will count the time carefully and do exactly what teacher told me to count to prevent any anomalous results.Prediction: I predict that the proportion between water and the germination of seeds will be directly, and the proportion between sodium metabisulphite will be inversely. I predict that the amount of sodium metabisulphite will be inversely proportional to the number of seeds germinated because of couple of reasons. Firstly, sulphur dioxides are harmful chemicals, and sodium metabisulphite is one of them. Secondly, it is one of the main reasons to cause the acid rain, the acid rain contains water and some sodium dioxides, when it rained on the ground, and the sodium dioxides reacted and damage all the seeds. Those were the reasons for my prediction.Method: For the first experiment, I need the following apparatus some pots, a sealed bag, an indicator, cress seeds, some cotton wools and sodium metabisulphite. Then, I will put some sodium metabisulphite into my first pot and let it cover the bottom, and I will put about 10 drops of water in and seals the bag. Secondly, I will put 6 drops of indicator into it and seals the bag, and wait for about 5 minutes. Thirdly, I will put some moist cotton wools and place 20 seeds all over the pot randomly, then put the pot in a moisture place and leave it for few days.After few days, the indicators colour changed to red from blue, which means the sodium metabisulphite reacted with air and affected the indicator. And all the cress seeds have all germinated.For the next part of my experiment, I am doing to investigate how does sodium metabisulphite and water (Solution A) affect cress seeds.This time, I need some pots, 2 bags, cotton wools, 40 cress seeds and some solution A . Then, I will put the sodium metabisulphite and water into the first pot as same as the last one. And I put some moist cotton wools into the other two pots, and put 20 seeds into each pot. Then I put the first pot (Solution A) and the second pot (Cress Seeds) in a bag and seal it. And put the last pot into another bag. Leave it for few days.After few days, I have got the results. The table that was shown below are the results of whole class (9 Groups), the forth was my groups result.Seeds + Air + WaterSeeds + Air + Solution A190200160190130200170200190Average: 16Average: 0The bar chart above was shown the table directly.This time, I am going to investigate how does different concentration of solution A affect the germination o cress seeds. I have chosen 6 different concentration of solution A to do this experiment, which are 30:0, 28:2, 26:4, 24:6, 22:8, 20:10 with 30cm3 water.For this par, I need pots, 6 sealed bags, cotton wools, cress seeds and some solution A. Firstly, I will f ill the first pot with water and second pot with sodium metabisulphite. Secondly, I put cotton wools in to next 6 pos and let them cover the bottom, and I put 20 seeds into each pot. Thirdly, I measure 30cm3 water and pour it into the first pot, and I will place it into the bag. Then, I just repeat the last step to the other pots with different concentration of solution A. and leave it foe another few days.After few days, I have got the results. The table below shows the results.Water (cm3 )Sodium Metabisulphite (cm3 )No. of seeds GerminatedPercentage of Water (%)30020100282209326412862465802280732010066Obtaining and Analysing:The graph below shows that the number of seeds germinated against the amount of water involved.

Ajay Bam Case Study Essay Essay Example

Ajay Bam Case Study Essay Essay Example Ajay Bam Case Study Essay Essay Ajay Bam Case Study Essay Essay Ajay Bam is the occupant of Pune. India. He possesses a Bachelor’s grade in Computer Engineering and a Master’s grade in Software Engineering. Having an technology background. Ajay is originative and has a will to alter the universe with his technological thoughts. Entrepreneurial Attributes of Ajay Ajay Bam is a strong individual with a will to finish his dreams. He possesses the undermentioned properties: MugwumpAdvanced mindPassionate about his workHas a thirst for larningDoes non works for moneyConvertingDon’t give up easyLoves to run into new peopleAmong the above list of properties that Ajay possess. his three most of import properties are his passion for his work. his advanced thought and his will of non giving up easy. Advanced Thinker: Ajay Bam has the capableness to do a alteration in the bing system with his new thoughts. With his advanced ideas he came up with an thought of doing a Mobile payment and Loyalty plan. His advanced ideas will convey him success in the hereafter as he has the possible to believe beyond what others can believe. Passionate about his work: His true dedication and committedness to do his dream come true. is reflected in his attempts. To do â€Å"Vayusa† a success. he has left no rocks unturned. With this attitude towards his unde rtaking he will decidedly be the first to do the Mobile payment and Loyalty plans. Don’t give up easy: In malice of so many barriers in his manner. the most effectual 1. the money barrier. he didn’t give up. He lost his friends in the incident of 9-11 ; still he continued to work to do his dream come true. Failures come in the manner of everyone. but to win. it is really indispensable non to give up the hopes. Bootstrapping ApproachA bootstrapping attack is an attack for an cyberspace based concern with minimal resources available. Ajay followed this method to get down his concern because he didn’t have much money to finance his concern. He made each and every attempt to acquire his work done with minimal money investing. He even tried to set up financess for his undertaking through converting funding organisations and doing them invest in their undertaking. Ajay’s attempts His first attempt was to convert the lawyer John Hession for his services. As Ajay was short of money. he had to take a legal instruction to cut down the work of his lawyer and this saved him 1000s of dollars. Second. he had to construct a paradigm of Vayusa. to convert merchandisers. For this he needed finance. therefore he convinced National Collegiate Investors and Innovators Alliance ( NCIIA ) for grants in his undertaking. For this he brought in the 3rd spouse Troy Chen. When he started running abruptly of hard currency. he applied for the lodging manager at The Olin Engineering School and started working for 18 hours a twenty-four hours. Ajay convinced a point-of-sale payment company. VeriFone for a meeting with him by naming them every twenty-four hours and so gave them an executive summery for his merchandise. Even after the calamity of 9-11. and losing 6 of his friends. Ajay decided to go to the West Wireless Conference in California with which he was able to run into Nick E pperson. a former head selling officer at VeriFone and the main proficient designer who had designed the VeriFone box. Ajay presented his Vayusa program at SeaPoint Ventures and unafraid committednesss for a first unit of ammunition of venture support. Opportunity to make VayusaWhen in his 2nd semester of MBA. Ajay went to Munich. Germany for his four month international direction internship ; he noticed that people have fancy phones and are really fond of holding more than one phone. He so decided that nomadic applications were traveling to be the following large things in the United States. Then one twenty-four hours. after returning to US. Ajay and fellow MBA Walter Stock were run intoing at Starbucks to brainstorm consumer applications for nomadic engineering. Then their treatment towards the fuss of java cards. stroked the chance in their heads. Market Assessment The Market Assessment done by Ajay consists of the undermentioned points: Merchants spend important dollars on payment fees and 1000000s of dollars to pull off trueness plans which are non low-cost by little and mid size concerns. Merchants are hence looking for a new and cost effectual client relationship offerings and services through nomadic phones which are secure and safe. Merchants need trueness offerings for clients that include SMS-based vouchers. publicities. presentments. and digital tickets to drive clients to the shops and offer better client and merchandise services. Consumers have to transport a batch of trueness cards for their purchases. They have to take attention of their cards and losing any will take to lose in wagess. Consumers therefore need convenience in pull offing their payment grosss and trueness plans supplying entree to all the information at anytime from anyplace. Fundss and Business TeamTo acquire the support beginning interested. foremost Ajay applied for grants in NCIIA to construct the paradigm and added Troy Chen as the 3rd spouse. He so convinced a point-of-sale payment company. VeriFone and had an chance to run into Nick Epperson and convinced him as adviser. Ajay so presented his Vayusa to Tom’s three general spouses at SeePoint Ventures and explained them that Vayusa needs to raise $ 2 million in the first twelvemonth to back up the beta development and execution. and to engage senior direction. Vayusa would so necessitate another $ 5 million in support to make a positive cash-flow place in 3rd twelvemonth. The spouses were convinced to put. By January of 2002. Vayusa had a working paradigm to back up a elaborate concern program. and a board of advisers that included. in add-on to Tom from SeaPoint Ventures and Nick from VeriFone. a former Chief executive officer of NYNEX. a former Chief executive officer of Citibank. and Bob Anderson. manager of the MIT Enterprise Forum and former CEO of GenRad. Ajay besides decided to take Rahul to construct package platform whom he had met through an organisation of Southeast Asiatic enterprisers. Ajay applied for a follow on NCIIA grant. Then Ajay scheduled a meeting with Jack Weston which was from a recognition card industry and had late joined a startup that was constructing applications to hive away vouchers on charge cards and he joined Vayusa two months subsequently than. as an adviser. But so Tim Patel. the package interior decorator left the squad. A new member Phuc Truong joined Vayusa as he had strong contacts with a batch of merchandisers.

Communication Principles, Techniques and Strategies used in Health and Term Paper

Communication Principles, Techniques and Strategies used in Health and Social Care Settings - Term Paper Example In the worst case scenario, miscommunication could result in the death of the patient. In the case of Anne, who suffered from a stroke, delayed communication in the period between the moment when she first felt unusual symptoms and when she reached the hospital caused her to suffer a stroke. If her husband Paul had been successful in reaching an ambulance or other medical firm and enabled her to reach the hospital in time, this could have been averted. However, Paul, Anne’s husband, was unsuccessful in reaching the ambulance. In addition, when she finally reached a hospital, Anne was left unattended for approximately four hours. During this interlude, her face sagged on one side and she lost control of her bodily functions. It does seem that the attitude of the medical professionals concerned was shockingly callous. However, it is more likely that they simply were unequipped with the right coping skills for dealing with the extreme stress that is often encountered in the medical field. The medical emergency number dialed by Paul may have been disconnected. However, it is more likely that the line was busy and there were many people trying to use it at the same time. On his arrival at the first hospital, Paul and Anne may have walked in at a time when all medical professionals were busy attending to serious cases; thus the lack of attention for the first four hours. In addition, the doctors were probably strained after a hard day’s work. This is not a suggestion that their attitude was excusable; however, it is important to point out that medical practitioners deal with extreme stress on a regular basis.  

MASTER IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Essay

MASTER IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example Aid for Trade may influence the balance in trade negotiations and thereby further compromise the already tenuous relationship between developed and developing nations within the WTO.3 This paper critically examines the Aid for Trade mandate of the WTO and looks at its potential advantages and predictable challenges. Ultimately, it will be argued that the WTO as it is currently constructed does not have the legal and political frameworks conducive to an Aid for Trade remit. The most obvious advantages of the Aid for Trade aspirations of the WTO are found in its rationale for introducing this system trade. Accordingly, the WTO states that its rationale for introducing the Aid for Trade remit is for: Ideally, the WTO’s rationale for introducing the Aid for Trade mandate makes sense. It is certainly true that involvement in international trade has the capacity to reduce poverty of many millions as evidenced by China and India.5 Unfortunately, not all countries have been able to benefit from world trade as a result of declining participation in the global markets.6 Obviously, the WTO perceives that Aid for Trade is a means by which those countries with minimal access to global markets may become more active participants. Aid for Trade is perceived as a method for assisting developing countries with meeting the cost necessarily incurred in gaining access to global market opportunities. The fact is, many developing countries do not have the requisite infrastructure necessary for export. For instance they are sorely lacking in â€Å"efficient ports, adequate roads, reliable electricity and communications† as well as technology and skills to comport with the â€Å"product standards† of the â€Å"high value markets†.7 Obviously, Aid for Trade is viewed as one method for providing the necessary funds or opportunities for improving these infrastructure shortfalls. In this regard, Aid for Trade can be seen as a means for providing support in respect of the recipient

Australian Defence Force (ADF) capability Essay

Australian Defence Force (ADF) capability - Essay Example Historical ISR capability In the past, the ISR has been able to accomplish much in ensuring that the intelligence for the Australian defense is available at the utmost time of need. The Australian defense forces have had first hand intelligence since the system has significant capability towards detention and prevention of looming attacks (Stevens, 2001). According to the study work of Great Britain & Arbuthnot (2008) the intelligence wing has been able to show its capability by producing tailored intelligence data to meet the needs of the defense forces at their time of need. Providing imagery intelligence and measuring intelligence activities, targeting and production of general intelligence, has been an ardent capability. Surveillance since its inception has been topnotch where the defense forces of Australia have been able to take random checks on the prevailing global cryptology threats, the surveillance system thus since its inception has been efficient to facilitate decision m aking and combating tactical fighters and commanders (Breen, 2010; Boyne, 2012). The surveillance wing has five operational groups that cooperate to ensure that every operation in the air is secure. The reconnaissance wing since its inception has been able to show its capability by ensuring imagery and timely data before the defense forces get into the combat, ensuring that there are few casualties while in action. This wing according to Kearney (2003) has helped in the past during the invasion of Vietnam and Iraq, but remains to be seen with increasing rate of terrorism. Contemporary capability According to the research work by Bernus, Nemes & Schmidt (2003) currently the ISR operates with one hundred fighters while the defense forces of Australia claim that operating with fifty fighters would be as generous. The ISR of Australia has the capability of deterring and defeating armed attacks in and around Australia, due to the dangerous phase of the world presently the current ISR rem ains unreliable. Currently, according to Levey (2004) there has been a misconception on the capability of the Australian ISR because it has been helping the defense forces to combat and invade Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraq. This misconception has sent confusion in different quarters on the defensive system of Australia. Currently, though the system has formidable capabilities, there are increasingly more threats due to the increasing campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq giving a likelihood of an attack against Australia. The current ISR is under threat because the emphases on land operations are misleading to the Australian defense forces as seen in the study works of Godara (2009). For the current ISR to be capable to fight the looming terrorist attacks in Australia, the Australian authorities have to shape up their systems to be able to serve a broad national interest. This means that the ability to use military force when necessary, and knowing what is happening in their strategic a reas of interest remains supreme to ensure that the ISR is capable (Grey, 2008). Future capability Considering the increasing terrorist threats, there has been rising need to spice up the intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance of the Australian defense forces. This has been through proposals such as the one by the ministry of defense to replace the present Lockheed Orion which has unmanned aerial vehicles, with a more sophisticated warfare vessel. To ensure that the future

Three Behavioral Theories Of Leadership Management Essay

Three Behavioral Theories Of Leadership Management Essay Leadership theories explore how leaders can influence humankind or employees to fulfil mission and vision of organizations. Traditionally, transactional leadership has prevailed throughout the industrial revolution with pay for work process. Although as time passes, leadership theories developed mirror those of quasi-transactional theories of Six Sigma, Total Quality Management, and Kaizen. These theories based on outcomes of production with the spirit of collaboration from employees to increase awareness of each task to promote or negate benefits to the company. Ruggieri (2009) related the leadership style displayed by the leader to the organizations performance and success. Leaders of an organization must anticipate and adapt to change by using the leadership style that fits the current situation. For an organization to grow and be successful in a changing environment, leaders must articulate vision, goals, and objectives and make sound business decisions that will lead the organization to success. In leading organizations to success, Kanter (2000) stated, effective leaders cultivate an environment where openness is encouraged and where collaboration is valued (p. 32). Partnerships both inside and outside the organization enhance the organizations knowledge and reach into the market, and provide greater expertise and experience than if a more closed position perspective were maintained (Kanter, 2000). Effective leaders also draw on the components of different leadership styles behaviors that will provide the best approach or decision based on the situation and environment at hand (Spears, 2004). The succeeding sections discuss three behavioral theories of leadership, which include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and servant leadership. Transformational Leadership Theory Transformational leadership theory is based on the ability of the leader to provide an atmosphere, which engages their employees and hinged on the concept of spirit, via connectedness. Transformational leadership is the ability to motivate and to encourage intellectual stimulation through inspiration (Avolio, Zhu, Koh, Bhatia, 2004; Dvir, Eden, Avolio, Shamir, 2002). McColl-Kennedy and Anderson (2005) further defined transformational leadership style as guidance through individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence (p. 116). Transformational leadership brings with it a degree of charisma and motivation (Avolio Yammarino, 2002). Transformational leaders can influence and inspire others to succeed and grow. Transformational leaders model the behavior they expect of their employees through transparent information sharing, enthusiasm, and optimism. The leader creative in creating solutions and encourages the employee to do the same. Transformational leaders are risk-takers and encourage others to take risks, too. These leaders encourage growth through advanced education, certifications, and interactions. Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) noted transformational leaders level of involvement had the ability to enhance creativity, innovation, and performance from their teams. Transformational leaders must have the fortitude and adaptability to respond to and learn from both internal and external stimuli of changes within the organizations. Such leaders must proactively mitigate any negative impact on the project, as well ensuring the overall satisfaction of the team members as factors in the projects successful completion and team performance (Ronning, 2004; Sanders et al., 2003). Bass (2000) had widely defended the potential of the transformational leadership to improve the post-modern organizational landscape. According to Bass, transformational leaders raise the awareness of their constituencies about what are essential increase concerns for achievement, self-actualization, and ideals. They inspire followers to go beyond their own self-interests for the good of the group, organization, or community. For Bass, true transformational leadership can be identified by its adherence to the highest levels of moral and ethical standards. Bass (1997) says that leaders are authentically transformational when they raise awareness of what is right, valued, and important; when they help satisfy increase followers needs for success, change; and when they reposition followers to go outside their self-interests for the good of their group or organization. True transformational leadership asks for sacrifice on the part of the follower, but it does not necessarily require that an individuals interests to be swept aside for the good of the organization. The transformational leader strives to achieve a true consensus in aligning personal and organization interests (Bass, 1998, p. 176). Transformational leaders act like moral agents and engage in joint understanding of employees, with the ultimate goal of converting these employees to become leaders themselves (Inkson Moss, 1993). Transformational leaders are most of the time interested in producing quality and quantity results from those they lead, but also attempt to provide an environment in which the individuals own career and personal goals are realized through the organization. In this way, efficiency can be increased, and the entire organization can benefit on the improvement of individuals (Seltzer Bass, 1990). It is the transformational leadership style that offers managers the greatest ability to deal with this rapidly changing workplace (Bass, 2000), especially in a global economy where change is inevitable. Wallace (1993) concluded that complex organizational and environmental factors require the flexibility that transformational leadership style offers because it enables managers to include workers on decisions, and can empower workers to have an increasing level of control over their work performance. Organizations led by transformational leaders usually perform at a believed greater level, with a higher level of employee moral (Bass, 1990). Bryant (2003) claimed that transformational leadership results to motivation and commitment for followers in order to have above average organizational performance. Robbins and Judge (2009) further concluded that transformational leadership is correlated with lower employee turnover, higher productivity, lower stress, and higher employee satisfaction. Transformational leaders are able to enhance their leadership style based on the situation, and transform that style into their subordinates to become innovative and creative in their decision-making process (Chung Chia-Hung, 2009). Transformational leadership is based on the leader-member relationship that fosters a greater degree of trust and mutual understanding expected between the members in maintaining that relationship. Members in a transformational leadership framework cooperate more often with their leaders and gain their leaders full support, confidence, encouragement, and patience, and this in return forms a lasting relation ship bond between the leaders and the employees (Chung Chia-Hung, 2009). Boga and Ensari (2009) stated, traditionally, the magnitude of the organizational leaders influence on the workforce has been tied to his or her leadership style (p. 237). Transformational leaders seeks to influence the interests of their followers in the workplace, accept change as being a part of life, and motivate their followers to pursue the purpose and mission of the organization above their own egocentricities (Boga Ensari, 2009). The transformational leader/follower relationship is viewed as one of shared interests and is comprised of four distinct characteristics (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration) that are closely related to the approach leaders use (Boga Ensari). Finally, transformational leadership occurs when a leader inspires followers to share a vision and enables those who follow to formulate their own vision for themselves and the organization to achieve a higher level of performance. Transformational leaders allow those they lead a greater degree of self-direction in the decision-making process that allows the leader to be more successful leading the organization to success. Transformational leadership is somewhat similar to servant leadership, but most researchers agree that the transformational leadership style makes better leaders in organizations (Bass, 1990). Transformational leadership, as noted by Bass and Avolio (1993) has four defining principles that included idealized influence, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation. Idealized influence means the transformational leader works with followers to encourage independence, awareness, and maturation as a means to an end, where followers participate in the mission and vision of the organization. Inspirational motivation means the transformational leader is able to inspire followers with the intent to share in the goals of the organization. Intellectual stimulation means the transformational leader acknowledges his or her followers as talented and encourages input while re-evaluating assumptions for beliefs and values. The leader ignites creativity in followers, which may result in productivity for the organization. Individualized consideration means respecting the uniqueness of each person, while working with him or her to facilitate the maximi zation of potential. Leaders recognize the role and importance of involving followers in the establishment of a healthy organizational culture and climate. These four factors enable leaders to create an environment wherein team members clearly understood the tasks of the project, both holistically as a team and individually. The four factors of transformational leadership enable the leader to create a level of respect felt by members of the entire project. Team members had a proactive level of interest, concern, and inspirational motivation to become actively engaged in multiple levels of effective communication, thereby identifying the impact of each members role in project completion (Bass Avolio, 1993). An effective platform created by transformational leaders induces team cohesiveness on numerous aspects (Ruggieri, 2009). Research has provided evidence that transformational leadership in both traditional face-to-face teams and virtual teams has the components to produce multiple levels of group cohesiveness. Members became empowered to make greater contributions to the team, thus constructing an effective team environment of problem solving and innovative solutions (Jung Sosik, 2002; Ruggieri, 2009). Yardley et al. (2007) also noted transformational leaders encompass the aspect of preparing members of the team to become transformational by increasing their level of participation and satisfaction resulting in increased team performance in creative implementation creative and effective change. The transformational leadership framework has a tendency of creating domino effects in producing and creating potential leaders within multiple levels of an organization (Masood et al., 2006; Yardley et al., 2007). This form of communication and development within traditional collocated teams and virtual teams was indicative to producing effective leadership participation that enhances team performance. Transactional Leadership Transformational leadership gained prominence as the leadership style of the 21st Century. The concept of transformational leadership began to emerge in the late 1980s, particularly in research writings about education. According to Bass (1990), transformational leadership is inspirational leadership style that influences followers to achieve extraordinary performance in a context of large-scale innovation and change. There are times when the concept signified a suitable type of leadership for organizations taking up the challenges of reformatting and reorganizing. Today, this concept is applied in most developed countries worldwide (Leithwood, 1992). Transactional leadership theory often presents a more traditional view of team leaders compelling team members to improve their performance on a reward and reprimand based system (Yardley Nealy, 2007). Transactional leaderships main characteristic is separateness; there is a line between the leader and the follower, with the potential to leave individuals feeling abandoned and in moral poverty (Avolio, Walumbwa, Weber, 2009; Hauser, 2007). A transactional leader uses rewards as a way of managing subordinates behaviors and employs management by exception (Bass, 1985). The transactional leadership theory includes three dimensions. These dimensions include contingent reward, management by exceptionactive and passive leadership (Bass Avolio, 2000). Contingent-reward is the degree to which the leader sets up helpful transactions or exchanges with followers: The leader clarifies expectations and establishes the rewards for meeting these expectations (Judge Piccolo, 2004, p. 755). Management-by-exception is the degree to which managers intervene when issues, problems, or mistakes occur. An active management-by-exception involves leaders who monitor the performance of their subordinates throughout the course of the task or activity. This allows the leader to track whether mistakes happen in line with the completion of the task or activity. A passive management-by-exception on the other hand considers leaders who are unaware of mistakes within their team until his/her subordinates report the issues or the problems that happened. In transactional leaders hip, the leaders appeal to their subordinates self-interest through rewards in order to achieve the teams objectives. In the team setting, leaders who are solely transactional leaders created an environment built upon positive and negative reinforcement (Ruggieri, 2009). The reinforcement came in the form of compliments and awards in money and gifts when milestones reached completion during the life of the project. Transactional leaders used negative reinforcement when team members miss milestones or fail to complete project deadlines, generally in the forms of chastisement, censorship, and in some cases, release from the organization (Ruggieri, 2009). Sanders et al. (2003) indicated most leaders utilizing this leadership style exhibited less confidence in their ability to lead or make an impact within the organization. It is important to express that nearly all leaders in a virtual or in a traditional team environment have utilized the transactional leadership theory as part of decision-making (Ulmer, 2005). The transactional leadership theory is framed around an award-based system, which motivates followers to contribute to the success of the team. Servant Leadership Servant leadership theory suggests that the leader places the good of those led over the self-interest of the leader and promotes the idea of valuing and developing by sharing their power and prestige with those they lead (Greenleaf, 1977). Greenleaf (1970, 1977) introduced theoretical concepts to the body of leadership literature on servant leadership. Greenleaf, who is the founder of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, created the idea of servant leadership after reading Nobel Laureate Herman Hesses (1956) Journey to the East, a story about a spiritual pilgrimage of a band of men on a fairy-tale journey. The term servant leadership may not be familiar to a large number of individuals or corporations, but many organizations have adopted and embraced this concept within their leadership structure. Servant leadership is radically changing how leaders lead and treat subordinates under ones area of responsibility in the organization that creates a caring and understanding atmosphere within the organization (Chung Chia-Hung, 2009). Greenleaf (1970) stated, Caring for other persons is the foundation upon which a decent society is built (p. 54). Transformational leadership and servant leadership have several similar characteristics, but are not quite the same in their approach to leading subordinates. Servant leadership is based on the notion of egalitarianism and assumes that the leader is no better than those led, but considered equal in value (Greenleaf, 1977). Bass (2000), as well as Farling, Stone, and Winston (1999), see parallels between transformational leadership and servant leadership. However, while the theory of transformational leadership says that leaders need such traits as vision, credibility, trust, etc., the theory of servant leadership argues that leaders must place the needs of their followers ahead of their own. Serving and leading at the same time has found to be a constant characteristic of servant leaders. Among the other characteristics that servant leaders have been said to need are: listening, empathy, awareness, healing, persuasion, ability to conceptualize, foresight, stewardship, commitment to growth, and commitment to building community (Spears, 2004). The main feature of this  leadership style is  the servant leader provides resources and support without expecting followers to admit that leading by example is important to them. Instead, this type of leader assumes a servant first position (Smith, Montagno, Kuzmenko, 2004), and expects others to work for the collective good of the company, rather than for the leader as representative of the company. Servant leaders, according to Greenleaf (as cited in Spears, 2005), are not initially motivated to pursue leadership. However, they accept this role in response to the urgings of others, and in response to a perceived need for their expertise and service in such a situation. The servant leader is expected to be knowledgeable regarding his or her role in promoting the organization or groups goals and to ensure that his or her followers are collectively advancing the objectives of the organization or group (Spears, 2005). Servant leadership has taken on a greater importance in recent years not only in corporate and religious organizations, but also in educational institutions (Cozby, 2001). Servant leaders in schools and universities should have a genuine desire to help others, and a shared vision of taking on the role of servant to its student body. Herman and Marlowe (2005) asserted that leaders should be a servant first in order to transition from a classroom environment to a community of caring. Greenleaf (1977) concluded that if someone wants to have true meaning in life, they must first seek out ways to be a servant to others. Servant leadership is viewed as a significant contributor to leadership effectiveness in organizations and institutions. Practitioners have given due attention to servant leadership in recent years because the workplace and business world is more transparent, competitive, global, inclusive and demographically diverse (Bryant, 2003). The concept of servant leadership shares similarities with the concept of transformational leadership, which produces a pre-determined outcome when the leader empowers followers to achieve organizational goals based on their own innovation and creativity. According to Sendjaya and Sarros (2002), a reason for the shortage of research in servant leadership is that the notion of servant as leader may be perceived as a weak leader (p. 41). Servant leaders emphasize developing their followers personal potential and enabling their personal growth and self-interests. Leadership is about relationships, and the principles of servant leadership are the inherent characteristics for the leader to lead by the heart with a greater degree of humility and honesty. Servant-led organizations should be built on a leadership style where  ideas are welcomed and relationships are nurtured. Servant leaders take a different approach from that of traditional leaders who seek to harness and maintain their power base. When a servant leadership culture  has been established at an organization, servant leaders lead by example, and are expected to help those around them achieve their personal and professional goals. Servant leadership does come with some reservations because some employees will try to take advantage of leaders who demonstrate this leadership style and reduce the leaders ability to lead (Spears, 2004), in this instance, servant-leaders are able to overcome this by instilling in workers a sense of the importance of teamwork and shared responsibilities. Peer pressure is remarkably effective in encouraging employees to do the right thing and preventing them from challenging leadership for selfish and personal reasons. Servant leaders have a better chance of preventing such conflicts because they have earned the trust and respect of the followers in the organization (Bass, 1990). Another dilemma in practicing servant leadership is the desire to practice individualism and competiveness that nurtures selfish or ego driven pride in the workplace or institution (Bass 1997, 2002). Organizations with a culture that promotes an authoritarian hierarchy will greatly hinder servant leadership and could be a major cause of organizational decline and failure (Boga Ensari, 2009). Most researchers agree that authoritarian hierarchy and egotism are the evil twins that can inhibit the implementation of servant leadership, and may be two of the reasons why many institutions and organizations exhibit a high level of unethical behavior (Bass, 2000). Servant leadership has not been a leadership trait of recent indoctrinated leadership style just in the case of the U.S. Army as a preferred or recommended leadership style. Bryant (2003) concluded that servant leadership is more concerned with the emotional well being of followers than transformational leadership is. Transformational leaders, on the other hand, do seek to inspire followers not only an intellectual level, but also on an emotional one. That is, they try to maintain a positive attitude regarding the work being performed. Comparison between the Behavioral Theories of Leadership Two of the most popular leadership styles currently discussed by researchers are transformational and transactional leadership styles (Boga Ensari, 2009). Over the last decade, considerable research effort has been invested into understanding the processes through which transformational leadership relates to followers attitudes, behavior, and performance beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group (Bass, 2000). However, apart from these two leadership styles, servant leadership style has also been emerging in fields such as military organizations. Servant leadership theory suggests that the leader places the good of those led over the self-interest of the leader and promotes the idea of valuing and developing by sharing their power and prestige with those they lead (Greenleaf, 1977). A theoretical analysis of transformational and servant leadership theories suggests rival consequences for organizational success on the best leadership style. Transformational leadership is defined as having four separate elements: charismatic leadership/idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass, 1996). Servant leadership has six different components: valuing people, developing people, building community, displaying authenticity, providing leadership, sharing leadership (Greenleaf 1970; 1977). Transformational leadership and servant leadership in organizational settings has experienced a significant progression in terms of both theory development and empirical research studies (Boga Ensari, 2009). Based on this research, transformational leaders are one of the most important factors in motivating others to meet organizational goals. Researchers agree that leaders must encourage, reward, motivate, and discipline, mostly through their leadership style, and encourage the development of team relationships inside and outside the group (Ruggieri, 2009). Transformational leaders motivate followers to work for inspiring goals that go beyond their immediate self-interests. Thus, more and more companies are moving way from transactional to transformational leadership styles. Yuki (2006) believed that the study of leadership embodies a vast amount of research dominant in military institutions, businesses, and government organizations. While a significant body of literature has been produced concerning military leadership, Campbell and Dardis (2004) and Harris (2002) believed there is little or very limited research exploring the correlation of job satisfaction related to servant leadership attributes in military recruiting organizations. Some scholars agree that transformational leadership and servant leadership are considered the most prominent leadership styles in military and leading business organizations (Seltzer Bass, 1990). Transformational and servant leaders inspire followers to transcend their own needs for the good of the organization that will lead the organization to greater success. Transformational and servant leadership both encourage their followers to be more innovative and creative which creates an environment that breeds success within the organization. Followers are inspired by the leaders personality, which focuses on the collective goals of the company and both types of leadership are focused on the relationship the leader has with their followers. However, Bass (1996) suggests that employees job performance is also positively related to their like or dislike of their supervisor than to their organization. The leadership style displayed in the organization will have a direct affect on the failure or success of the organization, because of the level of commitment the employees binds to the leader of the organization. The way the leaders leadership style is perceived by the followers could influence the leaders power and ability to lead the organization to success. Much of the literature written on leadership style challenges encompasses the difficulties that lie within team collaboration and the empowerment of the individual. Recognizing and identifying the importance of individuality, while maintaining the team approach is a theme echoed throughout much of the written works. Similarly, comprehending the process by which personality traits merge and produce, the studied literature indicates the need for leadership to identify adequately and accurately. Such an example imbedded in Bono and Judge (2004) where they indicate that personality traits are three dimensional in nature. The identification process of personality traits in combination with leadership styles can become a challenge. Bono and Judge write: Personality traits were related to three dimensions of transformational leadershipidealized influenceinspirational motivation (charisma), intellectual stimulation, and individualized considerationand three dimensions of transactional leadershipcontingent reward, management by exceptionactive and passive leadership. Extraversion was the strongest and most consistent correlate of transformational leadership. Although results provided some support for the dispositional basis of transformational leadershipespecially with respect to the charisma dimensiongenerally, weak associations suggested the importance of future research to focus on both narrower personality traits and non-dispositional determinants of transformational and transactional leadership (Bono Judge, 2004, p. XX). Another challenge with leadership styles is explored by Brown and Keeping (2005) , where they concluded that ratings of leadership are highly influenced by the interpersonal affect raters feel towards the target being rated (p. 245). Varma, DeNisi, and Peters (1996) evaluated performance reviews and correlation to how well the person being evaluated likability by the person doing the evaluation. Job approval ratings for the president of the United States correlates to this highly influenced by the interpersonal affect raters feel towards the target being rated in business (Kaiser, Hogan, Craig, 2008). Driskell and Salas (2005) researched the affective response to a leader when there was depressing content and demeanor within an employees performance review. Synthesis Leadership is probably the most studied facet of human behavior (Geoghegan Dulewicz, 2008). Although leadership per se is not often mentioned (as opposed to managerial skills, which are almost universally accepted as important to running a successful organization), the numerous references to vision, communication, building relationships with diverse constituents, motivating members, ability to lead well in a wide range of circumstances reflect the characteristics of agile leadership (Caffey, 2007). Fiedlers (1996) research suggested that leadership styles such as transformational, transactional, and servant leadership styles are effective in all situations; but successful organizations have a combination of leadership styles and managers at each level. Leadership style has been shown to be a significant factor in the effectiveness of the organization, and different leadership styles are more effective than others in different situations. According to Smith, Montagno, and Kuzmenko (2004), both transformational and servant leadership styles function based on charismatic leadership while transactional leadership style is performance-oriented. The leader inspires and directs followers by means of a shared vision and values. To be successful, both the transformational leader and the servant leader need a considerable amount of charisma-the ability to inspire greatness in them and in those they manage or lead (Bass 2000). Likewise, while not all followers are motivated through reward s, transactional leadership provides a target for followers to perform well. Transactional leadership style differs from transformational leadership for various reasons. For the former, the focus is on the exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers. The transactional leader concentrate on maintaining the status quo by satisfying the followers current material needs (Bass, 1990). Transactional leadership is based on the assumption that, by explaining what the leader wants and rewarding appropriate behaviors, the leader directs followers to achieve a desired level of performance. The transformational leaders primary objective is to bring followers up to a position where they can accomplish tasks without immediate supervision (Seltzer Bass, 1990; Shuster, 1994). Einstein (1994) suggested that a transformational leader uses three steps to bring about transformation in leader follower relations. The steps are: (a) diagnosing the leadership situation, (b) transacting the relationship between leader and follower, and (c) transforming follower into an effective employee. These leaders listen to their followers and share their individual concerns as they help to build their confidence. The best leadership is said to be both transformational and transactional. Transformational leadership augments the effectiveness of transactional leadership; it does not replace transactional leadership (Bass, Walsman, Yammarino, 1990). The opportunities this combined style fails to address would be those who fall between both leadership styles. This is why it makes sense as an effective leader to understand the various leadership styles and be able to employ them as needed as one tends toward the transformational leadership style.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Tupac Shakur - His Impact on American Culture Essay -- Tupac Amaur Sha

Tupac Shakur - His Impact on American Culture Tupac Shakur was a very influential person in the 20th century. He was born on June 16, 1971 in Brooklyn New York, and died on September 13, 1996 in Las Vegas Nevada (unknown author, no title, no page, letter code C). But his family moved around a lot while he was a kid (Bastin, J.D.). He eventually ended up in the Bay Area California alone and spent his first two years there homeless (unknown author, no title, n.p., letter code D). He grew up with only his mom and loved her very much. He even wrote a song called Dear Mama to his mom and thanked her for how she tried her best at raising him. His public career started when he joined the seminal Bay Area rap ensemble (u.a., "original area," n.p.). He started as a tour dancer but then started rapping live (u.a., "original area," n.p.). From there he released a couple albums and then was offered to be in some movies. He became friends with a couple of popular rap artists like Snoop Doggy Dogg and Dr. Dre (Placid n.p.). He made some songs and music videos with them that made it big on the Billboard charts. This really helped his popularity. He released a double CD with the songs on it and a lot of his own songs and sold millions of copies (u.a., n.t., n.p. letter code D) More people were influenced to buy his CD. People listened to the music and did what he said he did. So Tupac was influencing all of these people. Tupac was rich and famous now. He was showing off his own style now and didn't need his popular friends. This is the time that many people saw the real Tupac and loved him. He was now very influential to fans. They wanted to be just like him. He starred in more movies and could be who he really was. He did a lot of interviews that showed his beliefs. He said self esteem and self respect was very important and said "I feel as though I am a shining prince just like Malcolm and feel that all of us are shining princes, and if we live like shining princes, then whatever we want can be ours. Anything." (Patrick, Tony, n.p.) And when he says all of us, he means all men. He also said he doesn't care if someone is white or black. And no one can be judged by their skin. "So just because it's Black don't mean it's cool, and just because it's White don't mean it's evil."(Patrick, Tony n.p.) If he judged a man, he judged them by what they do ... ...nds for a new beat really separated his music from others. He didn't use traditional beats that people get tired of. He added a twist to rap and hip-hop music all together. And brought a lot of people to like that. "Tupac was one of raps most controversial and influential performers" ("tupac" n.p.). "Tupac Amaur Shakur left a distinct impact on American culture that is still being shown today" (u.a., n.t., n.p. letter code D) He was one of the most influential persons in the 20th century America. And I believe he will be remembered and loved by a lot for years to come. He has served and will serve as a role model for younger kids growing up today. Bibliography Bastin, J.D. "Tupac Interviews & Articles" http://www.u.arizona.edu/~bastin/interview.html 22/10/97 Patrick, Tony Shakur, Tupac. "Interview" http://.stallion.jsums.edu/~awil0997/tupac/interview.html 22/10/97 Placid, Sylvester. Personal Interview 10/11/97 Unknown Author. "Original Area of Tupac" http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/7438/tupac.html 22/10/97 Unknown Author. "Tupac" http://stallion.jsums.edu/~awil0997/tupac/theday.html 2/11/97 Unknown Author. http://www.duke.edu/~de1/2pac2.html 2/11/97